Stems erect to decumbent, not rooting nodally, glabrous, not bulbous-based, spheric or ellipsoid bulbils sometimes formed in leaf axils. Tuberous roots present. Basal leaves simple and undivided, blades cordate to deltate or semicircular, 1.8-3.7 × 2-4 cm, base cordate, margins entire or crenate, apex rounded or obtuse. Flowers: receptacle glabrous; sepals spreading, saccate at extreme base, 4-9 × 3-6 mm, glabrous; petals yellow, 10-15 × 3-7 mm. Heads of achenes hemispheric, 4-5 × 6-8 mm; achenes 2.6-2.8 × 1.8-2 mm, pubescent; beak absent.

Flowering spring (Apr-May). Shaded stream banks and moist disturbed areas; 0-300 m; introduced; B.C., Nfld., Ont., Que.; Conn., D.C., Ill., Ky., Md., Mass., Mich., Mo., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., Tenn., Va., Wash., W.Va.; native to Europe.

In North America, Ranunculus ficaria seems to be expanding its range rapidly in areas with cool mesic climates.

The species is extremely variable (especially in leaf size and stem posture), and many attempts have been made to divide it into varieties or subspecies (see P. D. Sell 1994). The different forms, however, intergrade extensively and the varieties are often impossible to distinguish.

Perennial from a cluster of tuberous roots, 1-3 dm, with a few short internodes below and 1 or few long peduncles; lvs long-petiolate, cordate to oblong-cordate, blunt, entire or sinuately toothed, often with axillary bulbils; lower lvs apparently opposite; sep 3-4, green; pet 8-12, yellow, narrowly obovate, mostly 10-18 mm; achenes beakless; 2n=16, 24, 32. Native of Eurasia, casually escaped from cult. in our range.

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

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