Plants branched from base (rarely unbranched) forming compact mounds of 2-50(-130) branches. Stems gray-green to yellow-green, spheric to short cylindric, 15-40 × (9-)15-30 cm; ribs 11-25, usually vertical, or somewhat helically curving around stem, rib crests not constricted between areoles (slightly so when desiccated), sharp, with flat sides. Spines 10-19 per areole, straight to curved but not hooked, often twisted, red to straw colored, aging gray, flattened to abaxially ridged, annulate-ridged, nearly obscuring stem surfaces, glabrous to canescent with minute, white, unicellular trichomes often obscuring underlying spine color; radial spines 6-14 per areole; central spines 4, abaxial frequently longest, straight to somewhat recurved. Flowers 5.5-5.8 × 4-6 cm, nar-rower when spines restrict flower from opening fully; inner tepals bright yellow, color uniform from base to apex, 24-26 mm, sparsely, minutely toothed; stigma lobes bright yellow. Fruits dehiscent through basal abscission pore, ovoid, surfaces largely hidden by hairs in axils of scales and long areolar trichomes of stem apex, usually drying to tan shell before seed dispersal, 15-40 mm; scales abundant, yellow to reddish throughout, or yellow with reddish midstripes, flat, tips spinelike, glabrous or canescent. Seeds dark maroon to black, ± obovoid-reniform or comma-shaped, 2.4-4.7 mm, smooth and shiny or granular and dull from protruding surfaces of testa cells; testa cell surfaces sometimes hemispheric to hexagonally faceted.

The varieties of Echinocactus polycephalus are distinguishable by several morphologic characteristics. Plants morphologically intermediate between the two varieties, however, occur at one site south of Lake Mead, Arizona, where the geographic ranges of the varieties are contiguous, but ecologically segregated.

Although Echinocactus polycephalus var. polycephalus and var. xeranthemoides have been reported for southern Utah (L. D. Benson 1982; D. J. Ferguson 1992; G. Unger 1992), M. Chamberland (1995, 1997) found neither populations nor herbarium specimens from the past 100 years.

Plant: Barrel cactus with clustering stems, to 50 cm tall. STEM basally branched, clustering, or mound-forming, rarely solitary at maturity, cylindric, gray-green to yellow-green, to 30 cm in diameter; ribs 11-25, these flat-sided, vertical. AREOLES generally circular, 8-20 mm in diameter, 20-40 mm apart along the rib Leaves: SPINES red to straw-colored, aging to gray, glabrous to canescent with white trichomes (then obscuring underlying spine color), 10-19 per areole, rigid, horizontally flattened, annulate; central spines 1-4, 5-7 cm long; radial spines 6-14. Flowers: subterminal, 4-6 cm long, 4-6 cm wide; floral (to 2 cm long) and ovary with numerous lanceolate to linear scales, usually reddish to maroon; outer tepals yellow, or tinted reddish, with spinose tips maroon, reddish, or yellow; inner tepals yellow, margins often fimbriate, to 3 cm long; stamen filaments white; the style and stigma lobes pale yellow Fruit: 1-4 cm long, scales rarely all hidden by trichomes. SEEDS dark maroon to black, angular to rounded, smooth to papillate, 2.4-3.1 mm long Misc: Rocky xeric slopes and washes; Jul-Aug REFERENCES: Chamberland, Michael. 1995. Cactaceae Part 2. Echinocacrus. J. Ariz. - Nev. Acad. Sci. 29(1): 13.