Toxicodendron rydbergii

Shrub or subshrub 30 cm to 2 m tall Leaves: alternate, often borne near ends of stems on a usually hairless stalk 1.5 - 25 cm long, with three leaflets (trifoliate). Flowers: borne on unbranched or few-branched small clusters in leaf axils, each cluster usually having fewer than 25 flowers. Fruit: fleshy with a center stone (drupe), densely clustered, erect, stalkless or nearly so, cream to yellowish, 4 - 7 mm thick, spherical, hairless, sometimes persisting through winter. Leaflets: stalked (middle leaflet stalk longest), 3 - 15 cm long, 2 - 11 cm wide, broadly egg-shaped or almost four-sided to nearly circular with a rounded to nearly squared base and a pointed tip, unevenly toothed or wavy, hairless on both surfaces or with appressed hairs beneath and a tiny line of curly hairs on the midvein's upper surface. Fall color is yellow to orange, rarely bronze to red. Form: mostly upright, single-stalked or few-branched, forming colonies by runners but lacking aerial roots.

Similar species: Toxicodendron radicans is a vine or shrub with aerial roots, narrower leaflets, and an open cluster of fruit hainging downward. The hybrid between Toxicodendron radicans ssp. negundo and Toxicodendron rydbergii is intermediate in characteristics, and can be distinguished from T. rydbergii because it sometimes grows as a vine or has aerial roots, occasionally has somewhat hairy leafstalks, and has narrower leaflets. A few tree and shrub species may be mistaken for T. rydbergii. Acer negundo and Staphylea trifolia have opposite leaf arrangements. Ptelea trifoliata has alternate leaves, but the leaflets are all very short-stalked with non-toothed to finely toothed margins.

Flowering: late May to late June

Habitat and ecology: A northern and western species found scattered in fields, woods, dunes, and open, sunny areas.

Occurence in the Chicago region: native

Notes: Avoid touching this plant, as it contains a toxic compound called urushiol. Do not burn it, as the toxin is released into the air and can be inhaled. After contact with urushiol, a person sesitive to the toxin becomes itchy, and within 24 - 48 hours the skin blisters and reddens. If tools or clothing have been contaminated, they should be washed with hot water and soap.

Etymology: Toxicodendron means "poison tree." Rydbergii is named after Per Axel Rydberg, an early 20th century member of the New York Botanic Garden and expert on the flora of the western United States.

Author: The Morton Arboretum

Rook 1998, Anderson 2007

Common Name: western poison ivy Duration: Perennial Nativity: Native Lifeform: Shrub Wetland Status: FACU General: Shrub or subshrub 30 cm to 3 m tall; stems erect, single-stalked or few-branched, glabrous, forming colonies by runners but lacking aerial roots. Leaves: Alternate, often borne near ends of stems, 1.5 - 25 cm long, trifoliate; leaflets stalked, the middle leaflet stalk longest, the middle of stalks red, leaflets 3 - 15 cm long, 2 - 11 cm wide, broadly obovate, apex acute; margins unevenly dentate to crenate, glabrous on both surfaces or with appressed hairs beneath and a tiny line of curly hairs on the midvein's upper surface; fall color is yellow to orange, rarely bronze to red. Flowers: Infloresence a axillary, short, narrow panicle; flowers to 3 mm long, sepals deltoid, greenish, glabrate; petals oblanceolate, cream to yellowish with dark veins . Fruits: Globose drupes to 5 mm in diameter, cream, striate, glabrous. Ecology: Found in moist but often sunny sites in canyons and at seeps and springs, from the low deserts to mixed conifer forests; 1500-8500 ft (455-2575 m); flowering May to June. Distribution: Across s CAN and n US (e of the Cascades), s through Rocky Mountains and Great Plains to AZ, NM, and w TX. Ethnobotany: unknown Synonyms: None Editor: FSCoburn 2014 Etymology: Derived from the latin toxicum, -poison" and the Greek dendron, -tree". Rydbergii is named for Per Axel Rydberg (1860-1931), first curator of the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium who wrote early floras, treatments and described many species for the Rocky Mountains, Canadian and Great Plains regions.

Vigorously rhizomatous and colonial, suberect, simple or sparingly branched shrub to 1(-3) m; lvs tending to be approximate toward the top of the stem; petioles elongate, glabrous; lfls broadly ovate to suborbicular, tending to be openly folded along the midrib rather than flat, glabrous on both sides, or strigose beneath and often with a line of minute, curly hairs along the midrib above; infl unbranched (racemose) or sparingly branched, usually with fewer than 25 fls; frs 4-7 mm thick, smooth, sessile or subsessile and crowded in a ±erect infl; otherwise much like no. 4 [Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze], with which it intergrades to some extent; 2n=30. Open, sunny habitats; widespread in w. U.S., extending e. in n. U.S. (especially north of the 42nd parallel) and s. Can. to N.S. and N.Y., thence s. at upper elev. to Va. and W.Va.

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

©The New York Botanical Garden. All rights reserved. Used by permission.

From Flora of Indiana (1940) by Charles C. Deam

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Indiana Coefficient of Conservatism: C = 7

Wetland Indicator Status: FAC

Diagnostic Traits: erect to suberect, low-growing shrub, without aerial roots; trifoliate leaves; petioles more or less glabrous; inflorescences axillary; drupe fruits pale, without red hairs.

Limited to northwestern Indiana near lake Michigan.