Shrub to 5 m tall Leaves: alternate, light to dark green, 4 - 10 cm long, 1.5 - 4.8 cm wide, elliptic to egg-shaped and tapering to a slender tip, sharply toothed, usually hairy beneath. Flowers: either male or female, found on separate plants (dioecious), four- to eight-petaled, borne near leaf axil, male flowers usually in clusters of six or more, female flowers solitary or in clusters of three. Fruit: fleshy with hard nutlets in the center (drupe), bright red, occasionally yellow, 7 mm in diameter, rounded. Twigs: olive-brown to purplish brown, becoming dark brown, smooth or hairy with raised, corky spots (lenticels). Buds: brown, 2 - 3 mm long, almost spherical.

Similar species: Ilex opaca, Ilex verticillata, and Ilex mucronatus (Nemopanthus mucronatus) have very similar fruit. However, other characteristics make them easy to distinguish from each other. Ilex opaca is a tree that has evergreen, oval to narrow elliptic, leathery leaves with a few spiny teeth along the margins. Nemopanthus mucronatus is a shrub with deciduous, narrow elliptic to narrow egg-shaped leaves that have few teeth or non-toothed margins.

Flowering: June

Habitat and ecology: Common in bogs, boggy woodlands, and edges of ponds.

Occurence in the Chicago region: native

Notes: Many birds eat the fruit throughout winter.

Etymology: Ilex comes from the Latin name of the holm oak (Quercus ilex), which has leaves similar to those in the Ilex genus. Thus, the genus Ilex was named after this species of oak. Verticillata comes from the Latin word meaning whorled, referring to the clusters of flowers forming somewhat of a ring around the stem.

Author: The Morton Arboretum

Shrub to 5 m; lvs round-obovate to elliptic or lance- oblong, usually acuminate, with numerous appressed or salient teeth; staminate fls 4-6-merous, several in each fascicle; pistillate fls 5-8-merous, solitary or few together; sep ciliate; fr bright red, varying to yellow, 7 mm thick; nutlets smooth on the back; 2n=36. Swamps and wet woods. May, June. Four vars.:

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

©The New York Botanical Garden. All rights reserved. Used by permission.

From Flora of Indiana (1940) by Charles C. Deam

Local in the northern part of the state. It is rather frequent in some parts of the lake area in swampy and boggy places, becoming rare south of it. This species is very variable in the shape, texture, and pubescence of the leaves, and in the color of the fruit. These variations have been named, but I am recognizing only one [variety padifolia]. There is a yellow-fruited form which I have found once. All forms are on one map. My few specimens of variety [padifolia, a form with leaves that are narrower (mostly 2-2.5 cm wide), thicker, and more yellow-green than the typical variety] were growing in wet places in hard, white, slightly acid soil in the "flats" of the southern counties. I received, however, from Mr. and Mrs. Walter Neff a specimen from Carroll County that was collected in a springy place. Specimens have also been collected in Jasper and St. Joseph Counties. This variety seems to be a complex but with a limited amount of field study I am not able to determine whether these differences are ecological or morphological.

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Indiana Coefficient of Conservatism: C = 8

Wetland Indicator Status: FACW

Diagnostic Traits: deciduous shrub; leaves alternate (not on lateral spur branches), commonly rugose on upper surface, the margins with low serrations; petioles pale; petals fused at base, whitish; stamens inserted onto corolla tube; nutlets smooth.