Polygonum aviculare

Plants green or bluish green, green after drying, sometimes whitish from powdery mildew, homophyl-lous or heterophyllous. Stems prostrate to erect, branched, flex-uous, 5-200 cm. Leaves: ocrea 3-15 mm, proximal part cylindric or ± funnelform, distal part silvery, hyaline, soon disintegrating into persistent fibers or nearly completely deciduous; petiole 0.3-9 mm; blade green to gray-green, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, elliptic, obovate, or spatulate, 6-50(-60) × 0.5-22 mm, margins flat, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; stem leaves 1-4 times as long as adjacent branch leaves; distal leaves overtopping flowers. Inflorescences axillary; cymes uniformly distributed or aggregated at tips of stems and branches, 1-6(-8)-flowered. Pedicels enclosed in or exserted from ocreae, 1.5-5 mm. Flowers closed or semi-open; perianth 1.8-5.5 mm; tube 20-57% of perianth length; tepals overlapping or not, green or reddish brown with white, pink, or red margins, petaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, often cucullate in fruit; midveins branched or unbranched, thickened or not; stamens 5-8. Achenes enclosed in or exserted from perianth, light to dark brown, ovate, (2-)3-gonous, 1.2-4.2 mm, faces subequal or unequal, apex not beaked, edges slightly concave, dull, usually coarsely striate-tubercled, sometimes obscurely tubercled; late-season achenes common or not, 2-5 mm.

Polygonum aviculare is a taxonomically controversial polyploid complex of selfing annuals. Although members of the complex have been considered inbreeders, they possess some structures that make cross pollination possible. Cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers, heterostyly, protandry, and the capacity to secrete nectar suggest an ancestral mixed-mating system. Isoenzyme studies showed that the complex has an allopolyploid origin (P. Meerts et al. 1998) and has evolved as a swarm of inbreeding lines ('Jordanons') (J. Gasquez et al. 1978). The six subspecies included here have been treated variously (T. Karlsson 2000; M. Costea and F. J. Tardif 2003). Complex intergradation patterns among them make their recognition at the species level impractical. Multivariate analysis and isoenzyme studies show that populations with intermediate characteristics may occur (Meerts et al. 1990, 1998). Except for subsp. boreale, which occurs in Greenland and Labrador, all subspecies are partially sympatric and their distributions have been influenced greatly by humans.

Wiggins 1964, Kearney and Peebles 1969

Duration: Annual Nativity: Non-Native Lifeform: Forb/Herb General: Introduced prostrate or decumbent annual (rarely biennial) with blue-green, striate, wiry stems 10-50 cm long. Leaves: Lanceolate, oblong, or oblanceolate, 5-20 mm long, 1.5-5 mm wide, acute or rarely obtuse, cuneate at base, glabrous; stipule sheath 3-6 mm long, more or less lacerate, faintly rosaceous. Flowers: 1-6 flowered in axillary fascicles, on pedicels 1-4 mm long, calyx lobes 1.5-2 mm long, oblong, greenish with white or pinkish margins, erect, surpassed by tip of achene. Fruits: Achene trigonous, 2.2-2.6 mm long, minutely granular-striate, dark brown. Ecology: Found in disturbed areas from 1,000-8,000 ft (305-2438 m); flowers April-October. Notes: Distinguished from P. argyrocoleon by being prostrate and having smaller flowers. Ethnobotany: Ingested for painful urination, for pain, diarrhea, for swollen parts, and to prevent abortion. Etymology: Polygonum is derived from Greek polys, many, and gonu, knee or goint, aviculare means relating to small birds. Synonyms: Polygonum aviculare var. vegetum, Polygonum heterophyllum, Polygonum monspeliense, Polygonum arenastrum, Polygonum buxiforme Editor: SBuckley, 2010

Freely branched, sprawling to suberect, heterophyllous annual, to 1 or reputedly 2 dm; early lvs lanceolate or lance-ovate, 2.5-6 cm נ4-15 mm, the later ones only a third as large; ocreae 4-8 mm, hyaline, becoming lacerate; mature perianth 2.5-4 mm, divided to well below the middle, its segments subequal, with white to pink margins and flat tip; achenes 2.2-3.2 mm, dark brown, striate-papillose, included or barely exserted; 2n=40, 60. Cosmopolitan weed of cult. fields and waste places.

Gleason, Henry A. & Cronquist, Arthur J. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. lxxv + 910 pp.

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