Eschscholzia californica

Plants , perennial or annual, caulescent, erect or spreading, 5-60 cm, glabrous, sometimes glaucous; taproot heavy in perennial forms. Leaves basal and cauline; blade with ultimate lobes obtuse or acute. Inflorescences cymose or 1-flowered; buds erect. Flowers: receptacle obconic, cup with spreading free rim; calyx acute to acuminate, glabrous, sometimes glaucous; petals yellow to orange, usually with orange spot at base, 20-60 mm. Capsules 3-9 cm. Seeds brown to black, spheric to ellipsoid, 1.5-1.8 mm, reticulate.

Eschscholzia californica is the state flower of California. Although it is toxic to humans, its roots are relished by gophers. Widely planted in North America and elsewhere as an ornamental, roadside, and reclamation plant, with many color forms in the horticultural trade, it often escapes but usually does not persist.

This species is highly variable (more than 90 infraspecific taxa have been described), not only among different plants and locations but also within individual plants over the course of the growing season, especially in petal size and color (see W. L. Jepson 1909-1943, vol. 1, part 7, pp. 564-569).

Native Americans used Eschscholzia californica (no varieties specified) to treat lice, to induce sleep in children, as a poison, for consumption, for toothaches, and as an emetic (D. E. Moerman 1986).

Plant: Annual or perennial herb; 0.5-6 dm tall Leaves: basal and sometimes also cauline, erect or spreading, glabrous, sometimes glaucous; terminal leaf divisions obtuse or acute, often widened at the tips, 0.5-11 mm long INFLORESCENCE: scapes or few- to many-flowered cymes Flowers: bud erect, lance-ovoid, acute to long-pointed; outer rim spreading to recurved, 0.5-6 mm wide; inner rim erect, hyaline, less than 1 mm tall; sepals glabrous, sometimes glaucous, 8-40 mm long; petals orange to yellow, sometimes with a darker orange basal spot, (0.9-) 1.5-7.0 cm long Fruit: capsules. cylindric, dehiscent from base, 3-11 cm long. SEEDS 1.5-1.8 mm wide, spheric to ellipsoid, net-ridged, brown to black Notes: there are two subspecies: californica (perennial, usually cultivated) and mexicana (annual, native); sepals deciduous References: G. B. Ownbey - Papaveraceae - JANAS 30:120-132