Alnus viridis subsp. fruticosa

Shrubs , spreading, to 3(--6) m. Bark gray-brown; lenticels pale. Leaf blade dark green, broadly ovate, 5--8(--10) × 3--6(--7) cm, base rounded to nearly truncate or nearly cordate, margins flat, sharply and densely doubly serrate, apex acute to short-acuminate; surfaces abaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent, especially on veins, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Inflorescences: staminate catkins 3.5--6 cm. Infructescences 1.2--2 × 0.5--1.2 cm; peduncles 1--3 cm. 2 n = 28.

Flowering spring. Rocky or sandy coasts, stream banks, lakeshores, and damp, open areas; 0--500 m; Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.; n Asia.

This primarily subarctic Asian subspecies has long been mistaken in western North America for Alnus viridis subsp. crispa, which it closely resembles, or for subsp. sinuata (J. J. Furlow 1983b). It can be separated from the former by its larger and more coarsely toothed leaves, and from the latter by its much thicker, mostly single-toothed leaf blades.