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    Tracheophyta
           [Tracheobionta]
    Spermatophyta
      Magnoliophyta
             [Angiospermae]
         Eudicots
             Core Eudicots
               Rosids
               Fabids
                    Fagales
                            <b>Betulaceae</b>
                                     <i>Alnus</i>
                                           [Alnaster]
                                             <i>Alnus acuminata</i>
                                               <i>Alnus acuminata subsp. acuminata</i>
                                                     [Alnus mirbelii]
                                               <i>Alnus acuminata subsp. arguta</i>
                                                     [Alnus guatemalensis]
                                                     [Alnus jorullensis f. media]
                                                     [Alnus ovalifolia]
                                               <i>Alnus acuminata subsp. glabrata</i>
                                                     [Alnus glabrata subsp. durangensis]
                                                     [Alnus glabrata var. durangensis]
                                             <i>Alnus alnobetula</i>
                                               <i>Alnus alnobetula subsp. alnobetula</i>
                                               <i>Alnus alnobetula subsp. crispa</i>
                                                     [Alnus crispa f. stragula]
                                                     [Alnus crispa var. harricanensis]
                                                     [Alnus mitchelliana]
                                               <i>Alnus alnobetula subsp. fruticosa</i>
                                                     [Alnus fruticosa]
                                               <i>Alnus alnobetula subsp. sinuata</i>
                                                     [Alnus alnobetula var. stenophylla]
                                                     [Alnus crispa var. sinuata]
                                                     [Alnus fruticosa var. sinuata]
                                               <i>Alnus alnobetula var. crispa</i>
                                             <i>Alnus alnus</i>
                                             <i>Alnus arguta</i>
                                               <i>Alnus arguta var. arguta</i>
                                               <i>Alnus arguta var. cuprea</i>
                                               <i>Alnus arguta var. subsericea</i>
                                             <i>Alnus cordata</i>
                                                   [Alnus cordifolia]
                                             <i>Alnus cremastogyne</i>
                                             <i>Alnus crispa</i>
                                               <i>Alnus crispa ssp. crispa</i>
                                               <i>Alnus crispa subsp. crispa</i>
                                               <i>Alnus crispa subsp. laciniata</i>
                                               <i>Alnus crispa subsp. sinuata</i>
                                               <i>Alnus crispa var. crispa</i>
                                               <i>Alnus crispa var. elongata</i>
                                               <i>Alnus crispa var. mollis</i>
                                             <i>Alnus densiflora</i>
                                             <i>Alnus elliptica</i>
                                             <i>Alnus fallacina</i>
                                             <i>Alnus fauriei</i>
                                             <i>Alnus ferruginea</i>
                                             <i>Alnus firma</i>
                                                   [Alnus firma var. hirtella]
                                               <i>Alnus firma var. multinervis</i>
                                             <i>Alnus firmifolia</i>
                                             <i>Alnus formosana</i>
                                             <i>Alnus glabrata</i>
                                             <i>Alnus glauca</i>
                                             <i>Alnus glutinosa</i>
                                                   [Alnus vulgaris]
                                                   [Betula alnus var. glutinosa]
                                                   [Betula glutinosa]
                                               <i>Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata</i>
                                                     [Alnus barbata]
                                                     [Alnus glutinosa var. barbata]
                                               <i>Alnus glutinosa subsp. glutinosa</i>
                                                     [Alnus glutinosa f. laciniata]
                                                     [Alnus glutinosa f. rubrinervia]
                                                     [Alnus glutinosa var. imperialis]
                                               <i>Alnus glutinosa var. incisa</i>
                                               <i>Alnus glutinosa var. laciniata</i>
                                             <i>Alnus henryi</i>
                                             <i>Alnus hirsuta</i>
                                                   [Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica]
                                                   [Alnus incana var. glauca]
                                                   [Alnus sibirica var. hirsuta]
                                                   [Alnus sibirica]
                                                   [Alnus tinctoria]
                                             <i>Alnus hybrida</i>
                                             <i>Alnus incana</i>
                                                   [Betula incana]
                                               <i>Alnus incana subsp. incana</i>
                                                     [Alnus incana var. borealis]
                                                     [Alnus incana var. glabra]
                                                     [Alnus tenuifolia f. incisa]
                                               <i>Alnus incana subsp. rugosa</i>
                                                     [Alnus americana]
                                                     [Alnus incana f. tomophylla]
                                                     [Alnus rugosa f. emersoniana]
                                                     [Alnus rugosa f. hypomalaca]
                                                     [Alnus rugosa f. tomophylla]
                                                     [Betula rugosa]
                                               <i>Alnus incana subsp. tenuifolia</i>
                                                     [Alnus incana var. occidentalis]
                                                     [Alnus incana var. virescens]
                                                     [Alnus tenuifolia]
                                                     [Alnus x purpusii]
                                               <i>Alnus incana var. americana</i>
                                               <i>Alnus incana var. serrulata</i>
                                             <i>Alnus inokumai</i>
                                             <i>Alnus japonica</i>
                                                   [Alnus japonica var. koreana]
                                             <i>Alnus jorullenis</i>
                                             <i>Alnus jorullensis</i>
                                               <i>Alnus jorullensis subsp. jorullensis</i>
                                               <i>Alnus jorullensis subsp. lutea</i>
                                                     [Alnus jorullensis var. liebmannii]
                                               <i>Alnus jorullensis var. exigua</i>
                                             <i>Alnus mandshurica</i>
                                                   [Alnus fruticosa var. mandshurica]
                                             <i>Alnus maritima</i>
                                                   [Alnus maritima subsp. georgiensis]
                                                   [Alnus maritima subsp. oklahomensis]
                                                   [Alnus maritime]
                                               <i>Alnus maritima subsp. maritima</i>
                                               <i>Alnus maritima subsp. metoporina</i>
                                               <i>Alnus maritima var. metoporina</i>
                                             <i>Alnus matsumurae</i>
                                             <i>Alnus maximowiczii</i>
                                                   [Alnus viridis subsp. maximowiczii]
                                             <i>Alnus metoporina</i>
                                             <i>Alnus mollis</i>
                                             <i>Alnus nepalensis</i>
                                             <i>Alnus nitida</i>
                                             <i>Alnus noveboracensis</i>
                                             <i>Alnus oblongifolia</i>
                                             <i>Alnus oregona</i>
                                               <i>Alnus oregona var. pinnatisecta</i>
                                             <i>Alnus orientalis</i>
                                             <i>Alnus pendula</i>
                                             <i>Alnus pringlei</i>
                                             <i>Alnus pubescens</i>
                                             <i>Alnus rhombifolia</i>
                                                   [Alnus rhombifolia var. bernardina]
                                               <i>Alnus rhombifolia var. ovalis</i>
                                               <i>Alnus rhombifolia var. rhombifolia</i>
                                             <i>Alnus rubra</i>
                                                   [Alnus oregana]
                                             <i>Alnus rugosa</i>
                                               <i>Alnus rugosa var. americana</i>
                                               <i>Alnus rugosa var. rugosa</i>
                                             <i>Alnus serrulata</i>
                                                   [Alnus autumnalis]
                                                   [Alnus serrulata f. emarginata]
                                                   [Alnus serrulata f. mollescens]
                                                   [Alnus serrulata f. nanella]
                                                   [Alnus serrulata var. vulgaris]
                                                   <i>Alnus serrulata f. noveboracensis</i>
                                               <i>Alnus serrulata var. serrulata</i>
                                               <i>Alnus serrulata var. subelliptica</i>
                                             <i>Alnus serrulatoides</i>
                                             <i>Alnus sieboldiana</i>
                                             <i>Alnus sinuata</i>
                                             <i>Alnus sitchensis</i>
                                             <i>Alnus subcordata</i>
                                             <i>Alnus trabeculosa</i>
                                             <i>Alnus viridis</i>
                                               <i>Alnus viridis subsp. crispa</i>
                                               <i>Alnus viridis subsp. fruticosa</i>
                                                     [Alnus crispa var. fruticosa]
                                               <i>Alnus viridis subsp. sinuata</i>
                                                     [Alnaster sinuatus]
                                               <i>Alnus viridis subsp. viridis</i>
                                               <i>Alnus viridis var. crispa</i>
                                               <i>Alnus viridis var. sinuata</i>
                                             <i>Alnus x fallacina</i>
                                             <i>Alnus x hultenii</i>
                                             <i>Alnus × mayrii</i>
                                             <i>Alnus × spuria</i>
                                     <i>Betula</i>
                                             <i>Betula alajica</i>
                                             <i>Betula alaskana</i>
                                             <i>Betula alba</i>
                                               <i>Betula alba var. commutata</i>
                                               <i>Betula alba var. cordifolia</i>
                                               <i>Betula alba var. elobata</i>
                                             <i>Betula albosinensis</i>
                                             <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>
                                               <i>Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis</i>
                                               <i>Betula alleghaniensis var. fallax</i>
                                               <i>Betula alleghaniensis var. macrolepis</i>
                                             <i>Betula alnoides</i>
                                             <i>Betula alnus</i>
                                             <i>Betula andrewsii</i>
                                             <i>Betula antarctica</i>
                                             <i>Betula borealis</i>
                                             <i>Betula caerulea</i>
                                                   [Betula caerulea var. grandis]
                                                   [Betula caerulea-grandis]
                                             <i>Betula carpinifolia</i>
                                             <i>Betula chinensis</i>
                                             <i>Betula cordifolia</i>
                                                   [Betula papyrifera subsp. cordifolia]
                                             <i>Betula corylifolia</i>
                                             <i>Betula costata</i>
                                             <i>Betula davurica</i>
                                             <i>Betula divaricata</i>
                                                   [Betula middendorffii]
                                             <i>Betula dugleana</i>
                                             <i>Betula dutillyi</i>
                                             <i>Betula eastwoodiae</i>
                                             <i>Betula ermanii</i>
                                               <i>Betula ermanii var. ermanii</i>
                                                     [Betula ermanii var. communis]
                                             <i>Betula exilis</i>
                                             <i>Betula fargesii</i>
                                             <i>Betula forrestii</i>
                                             <i>Betula fruticosa</i>
                                                   [Betula tatewakiana]
                                             <i>Betula glandulifera</i>
                                             <i>Betula glandulosa</i>
                                                   [Betula rotundifolia]
                                               <i>Betula glandulosa var. glandulifera</i>
                                               <i>Betula glandulosa var. glandulosa</i>
                                               <i>Betula glandulosa var. hallii</i>
                                               <i>Betula glandulosa var. sibirica</i>
                                             <i>Betula grossa</i>
                                                   [Betula ulmifolia]
                                             <i>Betula hornei</i>
                                             <i>Betula humilis</i>
                                             <i>Betula jackii</i>
                                             <i>Betula jacquemontii</i>
                                             <i>Betula japonica</i>
                                             <i>Betula jarmolenkoana</i>
                                             <i>Betula kamtschatica</i>
                                             <i>Betula kenaica</i>
                                             <i>Betula kirghisorum</i>
                                             <i>Betula kweichowensis</i>
                                                   [Betula insignis]
                                             <i>Betula lanata</i>
                                                   [Betula ermanii var. lanata]
                                             <i>Betula lanulosa</i>
                                             <i>Betula lenta</i>
                                               <i>Betula lenta f. lenta</i>
                                                     [Betula lenta f. laciniata]
                                               <i>Betula lenta subsp. uber</i>
                                               <i>Betula lenta var. lenta</i>
                                               <i>Betula lenta var. uber</i>
                                             <i>Betula litwinowii</i>
                                             <i>Betula luminifera</i>
                                             <i>Betula lutea</i>
                                               <i>Betula lutea var. fallax</i>
                                               <i>Betula lutea var. macrolepis</i>
                                             <i>Betula mandshurica</i>
                                               <i>Betula mandshurica var. japonica</i>
                                               <i>Betula mandshurica var. kamtschatica</i>
                                               <i>Betula mandshurica var. szechuanica</i>
                                             <i>Betula maximowicziana</i>
                                             <i>Betula medwediewii</i>
                                             <i>Betula michauxii</i>
                                                   [Betula nana var. michauxii]
                                             <i>Betula microphylla</i>
                                             <i>Betula minor</i>
                                                   [Betula papyracea var. minor]
                                             <i>Betula murrayana</i>
                                             <i>Betula nana</i>
                                                   [Betula crenata]
                                               <i>Betula nana subsp. exilis</i>
                                               <i>Betula nana subsp. nana</i>
                                               <i>Betula nana subsp. perfiljevii</i>
                                               <i>Betula nana var. glandulifera</i>
                                               <i>Betula nana var. renifolia</i>
                                               <i>Betula nana var. sibirica</i>
                                             <i>Betula neoalaskana</i>
                                                   [Betula ersinifera]
                                               <i>Betula neoalaskana var. kenaica</i>
                                             <i>Betula nigra</i>
                                                   [Betula rubra]
                                             <i>Betula occidentalis</i>
                                                   [Betula beeniana]
                                                   [Betula elrodiana]
                                                   [Betula fontinalis]
                                                   [Betula obovata]
                                                   [Betula occidentalis var. inopina]
                                                   [Betula papyrifera subsp. occidentalis]
                                                   [Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis]
                                               <i>Betula occidentalis var. fecunda</i>
                                               <i>Betula occidentalis var. occidentalis</i>
                                             <i>Betula odorata</i>
                                             <i>Betula ovalifolia</i>
                                                   [Betula gmelinii]
                                             <i>Betula pamirica</i>
                                             <i>Betula papyrifera</i>
                                                   [Betula alba var. papyrifera]
                                                   [Betula excelsa]
                                                   [Betula montanensis]
                                                   [Betula papyracea]
                                                   [Betula papyrifera f. coriacea]
                                                   [Betula papyrifera f. longipes]
                                                   [Betula papyrifera var. communis]
                                                   [Betula papyrifera var. recessa]
                                                   [Betula subcordata]
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera subsp. humilis</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. commutata</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. elobata</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. humilis</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. kenaica</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. macrostachya</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. minor</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. neoalaskana</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. pensilis</i>
                                               <i>Betula papyrifera var. subcordata</i>
                                             <i>Betula pendula</i>
                                                   <i>Betula pendula f. dalecarlica</i>
                                               <i>Betula pendula subsp. fontqueri</i>
                                               <i>Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica</i>
                                                     [Betula alba var. humilis]
                                                     [Betula cajanderi]
                                               <i>Betula pendula subsp. pendula</i>
                                                     [Betula aetnensis]
                                                     [Betula montana]
                                                     [Betula obscura]
                                                     [Betula pendula f. youngii]
                                                     [Betula pendula var. dalecarlica]
                                                     [Betula pendula var. gracilis]
                                                     [Betula verrucosa f. dalecarlica]
                                               <i>Betula pendula var. pendula</i>
                                             <i>Betula perfiljevii</i>
                                             <i>Betula piperi</i>
                                             <i>Betula platyphylla</i>
                                               <i>Betula platyphylla subsp. mandshurica</i>
                                                     [Betula platyphylla var. mandshurica]
                                               <i>Betula platyphylla var. japonica</i>
                                               <i>Betula platyphylla var. kamtschatica</i>
                                               <i>Betula platyphylla var. platyphylla</i>
                                               <i>Betula platyphylla var. szechuanica</i>
                                             <i>Betula populifolia</i>
                                                   [Betula alba var. populifolia]
                                                   [Betula populifolia f. incisifolia]
                                                   [Betula populifolia var. laciniata]
                                             <i>Betula potaninii</i>
                                             <i>Betula pubescens</i>
                                               <i>Betula pubescens subsp. borealis</i>
                                               <i>Betula pubescens subsp. pubescens</i>
                                                     [Betula concinna]
                                                     [Betula laciniata]
                                               <i>Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa</i>
                                               <i>Betula pubescens var. pubescens</i>
                                                     [Betula alba var. rhombifolia]
                                                     [Betula canadensis]
                                                     [Betula dalecarlica]
                                                     [Betula rhombifolia]
                                             <i>Betula pumila</i>
                                                   [Betula hallii]
                                               <i>Betula pumila var. glabra</i>
                                               <i>Betula pumila var. glandulifera</i>
                                               <i>Betula pumila var. pumila</i>
                                               <i>Betula pumila var. renifolia</i>
                                             <i>Betula raddeana</i>
                                             <i>Betula raymundii</i>
                                             <i>Betula resinifera</i>
                                             <i>Betula sandbergii</i>
                                             <i>Betula sargentii</i>
                                             <i>Betula saxophila</i>
                                             <i>Betula schmidtii</i>
                                             <i>Betula szechuanica</i>
                                             <i>Betula terrae-novae</i>
                                             <i>Betula tianschanica</i>
                                             <i>Betula tortuosa</i>
                                             <i>Betula turkestanica</i>
                                             <i>Betula uber</i>
                                             <i>Betula utahensis</i>
                                             <i>Betula utilis</i>
                                               <i>Betula utilis subsp. jacquemontii</i>
                                               <i>Betula utilis subsp. utilis</i>
                                                     [Betula bhojpattra]
                                               <i>Betula utilis var. jacquemontii</i>
                                               <i>Betula utilis var. utilis</i>
                                             <i>Betula verrucosa</i>
                                             <i>Betula winteri</i>
                                             <i>Betula x alpestris</i>
                                             <i>Betula x arbuscula</i>
                                             <i>Betula x caerulea</i>
                                               <i>Betula x caerulea var. caerulea</i>
                                               <i>Betula x caerulea var. cunninghamii</i>
                                               <i>Betula x caerulea var. grandis</i>
                                             <i>Betula x caerulea-grandis</i>
                                             <i>Betula x commixta</i>
                                             <i>Betula x dugleana</i>
                                             <i>Betula x dutillyi</i>
                                             <i>Betula x eastwoodiae</i>
                                             <i>Betula x hornei</i>
                                             <i>Betula x jackii</i>
                                             <i>Betula x neoborealis</i>
                                             <i>Betula x raymundii</i>
                                             <i>Betula x sandbergii</i>
                                             <i>Betula x sargentii</i>
                                             <i>Betula x sukaczewii</i>
                                             <i>Betula x uliginosa</i>
                                             <i>Betula x ungavensis</i>
                                             <i>Betula x utahensis</i>
                                             <i>Betula x winteri</i>
                                             <i>Betula × caerulea</i>
                                             <i>Betula × purpusii</i>
                                                   [Betula purpusii]
                                                   [Betula x purpusii]
                                             <i>Betula × sandbergii</i>
                                     <i>Betula-alnus</i>
                                             <i>Betula-alnus maritima</i>
                                     <i>Carpinus</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus americana</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus betulus</i>
                                                   [Carpinus betulus f. incisa]
                                                   [Carpinus betulus var. columnaris]
                                                   [Carpinus betulus var. incisa]
                                               <i>Carpinus betulus var. virginiana</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i>
                                                   [Carpinus betulus var. caroliniana]
                                               <i>Carpinus caroliniana caroliniana</i>
                                               <i>Carpinus caroliniana subsp. caroliniana</i>
                                                     [Carpinus americanus]
                                               <i>Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana</i>
                                               <i>Carpinus caroliniana var. caroliniana</i>
                                               <i>Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus cordata</i>
                                               <i>Carpinus cordata var. chinensis</i>
                                                     [Carpinus chinensis]
                                             <i>Carpinus erosa</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus faginea</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus fangiana</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus fargesiana</i>
                                               <i>Carpinus fargesiana var. ovalifolia</i>
                                                     [Carpinus turczaninovii var. ovalifolia]
                                             <i>Carpinus hebestroma</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus henryana</i>
                                               <i>Carpinus henryana var. oblongifolia</i>
                                                     [Carpinus hupeana]
                                                     [Carpinus oblongifolia]
                                             <i>Carpinus japonica</i>
                                                   [Carpinus carpinoides]
                                             <i>Carpinus kawakamii</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus koreana</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus laxiflora</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus londoniana</i>
                                               <i>Carpinus londoniana var. lanceolata</i>
                                                     [Carpinus lanceolata]
                                               <i>Carpinus londoniana var. londoniana</i>
                                                     [Carpinus poilanei]
                                             <i>Carpinus orientalis</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus ostrya</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus polyneura</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus rankanensis</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus tropicalis</i>
                                                   [Carpinus americanus var. tropicalis]
                                                   [Carpinus caroliniana var. tropicalis]
                                               <i>Carpinus tropicalis subsp. tropicalis</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus tschonoskii</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus turczaninovii</i>
                                             <i>Carpinus turczaninowii</i>
                                                   [Carpinus coreana]
                                                   [Carpinus turczaninowii var. ovalifolia]
                                             <i>Carpinus viminea</i>
                                                   [Carpinus fargesii]
                                                   [Carpinus laxiflora var. macrostachya]
                                               <i>Carpinus viminea var. chiukiangensis</i>
                                               <i>Carpinus henryana var. simplicidentata</i>
                                                     [Carpinus simplicidentata]
                                     <i>Corylus</i>
                                             <i>Corylus americana</i>
                                                   [Corylus americana f. missouriensis]
                                               <i>Corylus americana var. indehiscens</i>
                                             <i>Corylus arborescens</i>
                                             <i>Corylus avellana</i>
                                               <i>Corylus avellana subsp. pontica</i>
                                                     [Corylus pontica]
                                               <i>Corylus avellana var. avellana</i>
                                                     [Corylus avellana var. contorta]
                                                     [Corylus avellana var. gibbosa]
                                                     [Corylus avellana var. laciniata]
                                                     [Corylus avellana var. limbata]
                                                     [Corylus avellana var. teretiuscula]
                                                     [Corylus memorabilis]
                                               <i>Corylus avellana var. pontica</i>
                                             <i>Corylus californica</i>
                                             <i>Corylus chinensis</i>
                                             <i>Corylus colurna</i>
                                               <i>Corylus colurna var. chinensis</i>
                                               <i>Corylus colurna var. colurna</i>
                                             <i>Corylus cornuta</i>
                                               <i>Corylus cornuta cornuta</i>
                                               <i>Corylus cornuta subsp. californica</i>
                                               <i>Corylus cornuta subsp. cornuta</i>
                                                     [Corylus cornuta f. inermis]
                                               <i>Corylus cornuta var. californica</i>
                                               <i>Corylus cornuta var. cornuta</i>
                                               <i>Corylus cornuta var. glandulosa</i>
                                             <i>Corylus fargesii</i>
                                             <i>Corylus ferox</i>
                                               <i>Corylus ferox var. ferox</i>
                                               <i>Corylus ferox var. thibetica</i>
                                               <i>Corylus ferox var. tibetica</i>
                                                     [Corylus tibetica]
                                             <i>Corylus heterophylla</i>
                                               <i>Corylus heterophylla var. sutchuenensis</i>
                                             <i>Corylus jacquemontii</i>
                                                   [Corylus colurna var. lacera]
                                             <i>Corylus maxima</i>
                                                   [Corylus atropurpurea]
                                                   [Corylus maxima var. purpurea]
                                                   [Corylus rubra]
                                             <i>Corylus rostrata</i>
                                               <i>Corylus rostrata var. californica</i>
                                             <i>Corylus sieboldiana</i>
                                               <i>Corylus sieboldiana var. sieboldiana</i>
                                                     [Corylus sieboldiana var. brevirostris]
                                             <i>Corylus thibetica</i>
                                             <i>Corylus vilmorinii</i>
                                             <i>Corylus x colurnoides</i>
                                             <i>Corylus yunnanensis</i>
                                               <i>Corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica</i>
                                                     [Corylus mandshurica]
                                     <i>Duschekia</i>
                                             <i>Duschekia sinuata</i>
                                             <i>Duschekia viridis</i>
                                     <i>Ostrya</i>
                                             <i>Ostrya carpinifolia</i>
                                             <i>Ostrya chisosensis</i>
                                             <i>Ostrya guatemalensis</i>
                                             <i>Ostrya japonica</i>
                                             <i>Ostrya knowltoni</i>
                                             <i>Ostrya knowltonii</i>
                                                   [Ostrya knowltonii var. chisosensis]
                                             <i>Ostrya virginiana</i>
                                                   [Ostrya virginiana var. glandulosa]
                                               <i>Ostrya virginiana subsp. guatemalensis</i>
                                                     [Ostrya mexicana]
                                                     [Ostrya virginiana var. guatemalensis]
                                               <i>Ostrya virginiana subsp. virginiana</i>
                                                     [Carpinus virginica]
                                                     [Ostrya baileyi]
                                                     [Ostrya virginiana f. glandulosa]
                                               <i>Ostrya virginiana var. chisosensis</i>
                                               <i>Ostrya virginiana var. lasia</i>
                                               <i>Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana</i>
                                             <i>Ostrya virginica</i>
                                     <i>Ostryopsis</i>
                                             <i>Ostryopsis davidiana</i>